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Canada’s Population Plummets in Third Quarter as Non-Permanent Residents Leave

Canada’s population experienced a sharp decline in the third quarter of 2025, marking the first quarterly drop outside the COVID-19 pandemic period. Between July and October, the country lost over 76,000 people, bringing the total population to approximately 41.58 million.

The decrease was driven almost entirely by a massive decline in non-permanent residents, including international students, temporary foreign workers, and other temporary permit holders. The number of non-permanent residents fell by more than 176,000, representing the largest quarterly drop on record.

While Canada continued to welcome permanent immigrants, the gains from new arrivals were insufficient to offset the large outflow of temporary residents. Natural population growth, including births minus deaths, added only a modest increase, leaving the overall population in decline.

Most provinces were affected, with Ontario and British Columbia seeing the largest losses, while Alberta and Nunavut recorded small increases. Experts attribute the shift to policy changes in temporary immigration programs and the expiration of many permits, which reduced the number of temporary residents in the country.

This population drop represents a significant demographic shift for Canada. For years, growth had been fueled largely by temporary migration, and this sudden decline could have wide-ranging effects on the labour market, housing demand, and economic growth.